The doctrine of direct effect has been fundamentally undermined by the Court of Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2159 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The European Court of Justice (ECJ) devised the direct effect doctrine to give international treaties EU legal effect. The doctrine permits individuals to rely on European law in proceedings taken against EU Member States. This paper discusses selected direct effect cases decided since the seminal ECJ Van Gend en Loos decision to highlight persistent direct effect ambiguities and contradictions. Suggested law reforms are also provided in the Conclusion. Historical Background In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ determined it did not have jurisdiction to decide whether international law can override domestic law. The Treaty was only intended for interstate compliance; direct effect is contrary to such intention. The ECJ decided that EU treaties must promote a community not only of states but also of persons, [requiring] participation of all persons, with community law [intended] to confer upon individuals any rights which form part of their legal heritage. In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ explains direct effect principles as (i) subject measure must be clear; (ii) unconditional; (iii) require no additional implementation measures; (iv), State or institutional discretion is not permitted. Directives may have vertical or horizontal effect. Vertical direct effect permits enforcement against a Member State, where horizontal effect is individual citizen enforcement against another. There have been contradictory applications of both the horizontal and vertical direct effect. In Van Duyn, the ECJ found direct effect where the State obligations were sufficiently clear to assessed by a court. In contrast, Ratti provided that a similar directive only operated directly when the implementation date had passed; indirect effect applied to bypass this outcome. Regulations also may have horizontal and direct effects. Their implementation date does not hinder their operation, as Article 288 provides regulations have (i) general application, as (ii) binding and directly applicable in all Member States. This approach is confirmed in Commission v Italy, where regulations were not to be subject to additional implementation requirements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The doctrine of direct effect has been fundamentally undermined by the Court of Justice" essay for you Create order Ambiguous Application of the Doctrine The issue of the legality of horizontal direct effects has attempted to be bypassed in various cases. In Von Colson, the ECJ avoided it by finding that domestic law should be interpreted harmoniously with international law, or as close as reasonably practicable. If application of the law would lead to the substantially the same Directive outcome, the ECJ will look at whether the horizontal direct effect should be allowed, and labelled this the indirect effect. This idea was supported in later cases, for example in Marleasing, where the ECJ decided that domestic laws enacted before or after the Directive would nevertheless require implementation, even if national law does not relate to the Directive and is not enacted to specifically implement it. The doctrine also allows remedies for individuals in situations where a State has not appropriately implemented laws to properly reflect the Directive as the EU intended it to be applied. It is the responsibility of the Member State to certify that its institutions, authorities and court systems are following the rules of the Directive, therefore domestic courts can be sure the laws are applied to reflect their intended meaning. Discerning the intended meaning is difficult, as the ECJ often will not recognise a horizontal effect expressly, only impliedly by permitting a ruling to bypass the intention of the Directive by overriding the conflicting domestic legislation. This means a Directive can disapply a domestic law, permitted in CIA Securities v Signalson, where particular provisions in Belgium were found invalid as they did not properly follow the Directive. Conflicting Judicial Approaches The ECJ has creatively used methods to either ensure the doctrine can be applied. For instance, in the Foster case, the court formulated a reverse vicarious liability decision. This was used to find subsidiaries of the Member State responsible for failures of the domestic legislature, which becomes confusing given that at the same time, a private citizen also does not influence the implementation of a Directive but cannot be found liable. Contrastingly, in Ratti, the ECJ applied estoppel to hold a State liable and obliged to give effect to the Directive appropriately, because if this does not occur, citizens cannot rely on it at a domestic level. The State which does not correctly give effect to it is committing an equitable wrong against individuals. Complications also become evident in Marshall and Defrenne (No 2). In Marshall, the ECJ held a Directive only bind Member States, and invalidated any horizontal direct effect. However, in Defrenne, it held that Article 157, directed a t Member States, could also be applied horizontally against individuals. As mentioned, the Van Duyn case caused ambiguity as the ECJ found that Article 45 could be directly effective yet did not meet the requirement of being unconditional, because the power of the Member States was regulated judicial control. However, since no treaty has ever been found to not be regulated by judicial control, the Van Duyn case therefore removed the limitation of unconditionality. The second requirement of clarity was applied flexibly in Defrenne (No 2), as the court held that Article 157 was directly effective due to its dual meaning, the first being a general interpretation based on a mere aspiration of gender equality, the second being a specific restriction disallowing unequal remuneration in the workforce. The ruling in Marshall has caused the most controversy in recent times, as the court held that Directives will only have a direct effect on Member States and not in litigation between p rivate individuals. However, the ECJ then used various methods to avoid its own ruling, allowing Directives to have a de facto effect with the same outcome. Additionally, the ECJ interprets Member States inconsistently to allow them to be subject to vertically effective Directives in some situations and not others. This was shown in Foster v British Gas, where the court held an authority in any legal form with the duty of providing any public service under control of the State held powers beyond regular rules imposed on individuals and hence would be bound by unimplemented Directives. Recent Commentary Developing from the original restrictions imposed in Van Gend en Loos, various approaches have been adopted by the courts. Academic commentary posits that European law must become less influential and permit domestic courts to have more discretion in the event of conflicting national law, especially if the provisions in question are from local constitutions. To begin, there are established criteria to be met before any EU legislative provision can take a direct effect, which is carried forward from the original decision in Van Gend en Loos. The second point developed from the Marshall case it that the Directives can only legally have a vertical direct effect; the horizontal effect is allowed impliedly on some occasions. Problematically, legislation in Member States do not contain any guiding regulations on these limitations, possibly due to the ongoing inconsistent approach taken by the ECJ. However it should be noted that the first type of restriction has been flexibly applied rec ently and the Van Gend en Loos principles are less strict, while still broadly applied. Considering the doctrine beyond the level of Member States has also led to inconsistencies with application to individual citizens. For example, obligations are often imposed to restrict individuals through use of the de facto horizontal direct effect, such as free-market regulations, although these were never intended by parliament apply to private individuals. The case of Alemo-Herron outlined this problem, where the ECJ addressed a Directive on transferring of undertakings contained in Article 16 of the Charter which permits free formulation of contracts while conducting business. The interpretation under international law overruled that of the domestic application of contractual freedom Academics say this unfair application should be avoided, and greater domestic judicial discretion permitted by mandating a margin to favour local courts who are applying the EU law if the international appl ication will adversely affect fundamental rights. Conclusion The ECJ doctrine of direct effect has applied inconsistently and ambiguously at various times by the Court. These inconsistencies have led to the doctrine being legitimately critiqued as a political tool to strengthen the power of European Union laws over sovereignty in the domestic sphere. It has led to ongoing problems within the judicial system deriving from the criteria of Van Gend en Loos, which saw the ECJ bypass specific discussions by State Representatives stating they did not intend for the Treaty to be distinguished from other international treaties, and did not accept that it should provide rights to citizens to enforce at a domestic level either. There is now apparent ongoing ECJ application of de facto rules that conflict with national legislation, where inconsistent circumventions sanctioned by the ECJ do not uphold the objective of international courts to prevent application of a horizontal effect. By removing the original restrictions on the doctrine, the local c ourt system may be given more discretion to apply provisions fairly between individuals and Member States, and a flexible approach will allow the doctrine to be used for the benefit of both individuals and organisations seeking effective enforcement. Cases CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Costa v. E.N.E.L. [1964] ECR 1141. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455 Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. References Betlem, G. The principle of indirect effect of community law, ERPL, 1995, Vol. 3, Issue 1. Betlem, G. and Nolkaemper, A. Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14. Chalmers, D., Davies, G. and Monti, G. European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010). Craig, P. and de Burca, G. European Union Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th ed., Oxford University Press: 2011). Mastroianni, R. On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, 1999, EPL, Vol. 5, pp. 417-38. Nolkaemper, A. Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf Robin-Olivier, S. The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 165-188, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Sebba, I. The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 1995, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. Footnotes Ilan Sebba, The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 1995, p. 35. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Ibid, at [20]. Ibid, at [21]. NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Van Gend en Loos) [1963] ECR 1. Gerrit Betlem AndrÃÆ' © Nollkaemper, Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14, p. 569. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288. Commission v Italy [1973] ECR 101, at para. 17. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. R. Mastroianni, On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, EPL, 1999, Vol. 5, p. 417. Marleasing SA v La Commercial de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR 1-4135 Von Colson, above n 8, at [3]. G. Betlem. The principle of indirect effect of community law, 1995, ERPL, Vol. 3, No. 1. CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Ibid. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455. Van Duyn, above n 8. Ibid. Defrenne, above n 22. Marshall, above n 21. Sophie Robin-Olivier, The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Foster, above 18. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th edition: Oxford University Press: 2011), p. 188. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Marshall, above n 21. Robin-Oliver, above n 26. Ibid. Case C-426/11 Alemo-Herron and others, July 18, 2013, unreported. Directive 2001/23 of March 12, 2001: approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, 2001 O.J. (L 016). Damian Chalmers, Gareth Davies and Giorgio Monti, European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010), p. 288. Andre Nolkaemper, Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf, p. 5. Ibid, p. 6.

The Individual Observed For This Competency Is A One Year...

Observation Competency The individual observed for this competency is a one-year-old boy. He was born in the United States. However, his family is from Cuba. His mother is twenty-two and his father is twenty-six. The boy lives with his mother, aunt, and grandparents. The father is not living with the child. He lives is another state and has poor contact with his son. The language that is used most of the time in the house is Spanish.The maternal family of the boy is Christian. They are Seventh Day Adventists. As part of their religion, they rest on Saturday and go to church. In addition, they do not eat certain types of food as pork and crab. The mother of the child has not enough time to share with her son because she has to work to†¦show more content†¦This train had many colors as green, red, yellow, orange, and blue. It also had numbers going from one to nine in every wagon. He was very entertained with his toy moving the wagons, and looking at the brightness of the wagon’s color. Afterwards, he saw a green dog that is one of his favorite toys. The dog was placed on an orange sofa next to him. At that time, he rised holded from the sofa, and took the dog. When he had the dog in his arms, he started to touch the dog’s hands an legs to listen to different sound sthat the dog made. This standing position fits under the biological status described by Arnold Gesell. This theorist created the laws of developmental directions. The one applying to this case is that development proceeds up against gravity. This law implies that â€Å"Infants progress from completely prone to prone on elbows, then suppor ted by hands, then supported by all four limbs, and finally standing and walking† (Mandich 2016, p.50). At a given point of the observation, the baby started to cry aparently without any reason. He put away the dog and did not want any toy to play. The mother took him in her arms and checked him. She found out that the child was crying because he made poop. After knowing what happened wit the child, she took him to the bedroom to change his diaper. Once she changed it, the boy once again began to smile and play. This attitude also falls under the

Community Levels Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(78) " the load of chronic disease on the ague sector and public services \( 8 \) \." NHS Western Cheshire Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) is the administration that commissions wellness services for the population of Western Cheshire ensuring that services run into local demands. The trust leads the local NHS ( infirmaries, general practicians, tooth doctors, oculists and community staff ) and works in partnership with other administrations, such as local governments and both public and voluntary sector administrations, to better the wellness and well-being of occupants ( 3 ) . Within the PCT the Public Health Department is headed by the Director of Public Health, a joint assignment between the PCT and the local authorization. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Levels Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The section ‘s function within the PCT is to enable and back up the PCT and its spouses to better the wellness of the population and cut down wellness inequalities that exist in Western Cheshire. The section has a duty for wellness protection, instruction and betterment in the part, including proviso for immunization and showing services and exigency planning for epidemics, e.g. swine grippe. The section is responsible for development and bringing of wellness schemes, based upon local demands, to implement both national and regional policy. Within the section the Specialist Health Improvement Team has a duty for the commissioning and bringing of wellness instruction and betterment services, e.g. smoking surcease and weight direction, based upon national, regional and local policies, schemes and needs appraisals. For the intent of this paper Western Cheshire is assumed to hold a population of 150,000 with a mix of societal category, cultural and age groups mirroring the national norm. This paper proposes a two twelvemonth evidence-based scheme to increase degrees of exercising in the population. There are five attacks to wellness publicity ; Medical or Preventive ; Behaviour Change ; Educational ; Empowerment ; and Social Change, and, it might be said that, for wellness publicity to be genuinely effectual it should use aspects of each of these attacks ( 6 ) . Although possibly one or two attacks would look to be most suited to specific schemes or intercessions, for illustration behaviors alteration might be an appropriate attack for increasing degrees of physical activity but, in truth, will probably be doomed to failure without at least some part from most, if non all, other attacks. Therefore this scheme proposes a holistic methodological analysis, including actions embracing all five of th ese attacks. Evidence Base Physical inaction is a important, independent hazard factor for a scope of chronic wellness conditions impacting society today ( 7 ) and there is a compelling instance for implanting the publicity of physical activity in the NHS to procure the future wellness of the state ( 8 ) . In fact it has been said that if a drug or intervention was developed that had the possible to forestall as many wellness conditions as physical activity ( see fig. 1 ) it would be proclaimed a ‘miracle remedy ‘ or ‘wonder drug ‘ ( 7 ) . But physical inaction besides has far-reaching deductions for the wider populace sector, such as societal attention. For illustration: of grownups aged over 65, 12 % are unable to walk outside on their ain, and 9 % can non pull off stepss unaided ( 2 ) Figure 1. The impact of physical activity on many chronic wellness conditions Evidence shows that an active life style: has a significant impact on the hazard of major non-communicable disease, including coronary bosom disease, high blood pressure and some malignant neoplastic diseases ( 2 ) can cut down the hazard of shot, and modify cardiovascular disease hazard factors such as high blood force per unit area and high cholesterin ( 2 ) protects against malignant neoplastic diseases of the colon, chest ( post-maturity ) and endometrium ( 5 ) reduces the hazard of and helps pull off musculo-skeletal wellness conditions, including osteoporosis and degenerative arthritis ( 2 ) reduces the hazard of depression and promotes many other positive mental wellness benefits, including cut downing anxiousness ; bettering self-pride ; and assist cut down physiological reactions to emphasize ( 2 ) has been found to be as effectual in the intervention of mental sick wellness as anti-depressant drugs and psychotherapeutics ( 9, 10 ) supports weight direction – ensuing in modest weight loss of around 0.5-1kg per month ( 2 ) by the age of 70, 25 % of adult females and 7 % of work forces have deficient leg strength to acquire out of a chair without utilizing their weaponries ( 2 ) . Physical activity is portion of the solution to back uping the publicity of independent life in older grownups, thereby cut downing the cost of societal attention. Fallss are a prima cause of inadvertent decease of older people and fractured hips, as a consequence of falls, cost the NHS and societal services ?1.8 billion each twelvemonth in England ( 11 ) . Physical activity, peculiarly preparation to better strength, balance and coordination, can be extremely effectual in cut downing the incidence of falls ( 2 ) . Regular exercising has besides been shown to protect against the oncoming of depressive symptoms and anxiousness ( 12 ) . In mid-life and older grownups, physical activity can decelerate or forestall age-related cognitive diminution, and is associated with a lower hazard of developing dementedness ( 13 ) . Despite the multiple wellness additions associated with a physically active life style, merely 40 % of grownup work forces and 28 % of big adult females meet the Chief Medical Officers ( CMO ) recommendations for wellness ( 14 ) , nevertheless, the existent challenge is that 75 % of work forces and 67 % of adult females believe that they are active plenty ( 15 ) . There is a acknowledgment across the NHS that active life styles are now an intrinsic portion of twenty-first century health care and that advancing active life styles is a simple reply to many of the wellness challenges confronting our state today ( 8 ) . The load of sick wellness from inaction is clear and the statistics farther highlight the potency for important decreases in morbidity and mortality, which could be achieved if we consistently and actively promote engagement in physical activity through the NHS ( 8 ) . Equally good as holding the potency to better the wellness of the state, advancing physical activity could besides salvage the NHS money, cut downing the load of chronic disease on the ague sector and public services ( 8 ) . You read "Community Levels Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Using Primary Care to advance physical activity can assist the NHS move towards lower costs, more efficient and effectual services in prima ry attention and cut down the demand for, and costs of, acute attention ( 7 ) . Investing in the bar docket by implanting the publicity of physical activity in NHS services has the ability to significantly cut down the fiscal load of inaction on the economic system. Allender et Al. ( 16 ) estimated that for merely five conditions, post-menopausal chest malignant neoplastic disease, lower GI malignant neoplastic disease, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, in one twelvemonth entirely, the load of physical inaction: caused over 35,000 deceases ; caused 3.1 % of morbidity and mortality in the UK added over ?1.8 billion to the direct wellness cost load on the NHS. For a pattern population of 10,000 the cost of these five conditions attributable to physical inaction norms ?50,000 per twelvemonth ( 17 ) . Adding indirect costs to the wider economic system, such as working yearss lost due to sickness and premature mortality, produces a entire measure associating to physical inaction that may be every bit high as ?8.3 billion every twelvemonth ( 17 ) . Scheme The long term purpose of wellness publicity is to cut down morbidity and premature mortality ( 18 ) , to accomplish this intercessions are likely to be targeted towards whole populations or high hazard groups, with three degrees of bar ; Primary, aimed at forestalling the oncoming of disease ; Secondary, aimed at forestalling the patterned advance of disease ; and Tertiary, aimed at cut downing farther disablement or helping rehabilitation ( 18 ) . A cardinal purpose of this scheme is to aim intercessions at pre-school and school age kids, promoting them to be active in line with current recommendations. This will hold two effects ; foremost, by promoting kids to be more active, will be good in cut downing the prevalence of inaction related conditions in the hereafter ; and secondly, will assist to develop a civilization of taking regular physical activity. It has been shown that sedentary behaviors track from adolescence into maturity ( 19 ) and, although grounds is limited, it is believed that active kids are more likely to stay active into maturity ( 20 ) , besides when kids are taught appropriate wellness behaviors early, these are more likely to go accustomed and go on into maturity ( 21 ) . To accomplish this we must work closely with kids ‘s Centres, to guarantee that active drama forms a regular portion of their activities, and schools to guarantee that regular physical activity is incorporated into their course o f study, including activities which are non traditionally seen as school athleticss, which will besides promote the ‘Not Sporty ‘ kid to take part, activities such as Dance and Cheerleading, for illustration, have been shown to increase engagement in school based activity ( 22 ) . It is good that the National authorities have reviewed their support for the School Sports Partnership programme, which has done much to promote and advance activity in schools across the part, and we will go on to buttonhole, both locally and nationally, through Public Health England, for continued support for this programme and other programmes which will better entree to feature and activities within our schools. Many kids and immature people say that they would prefer to walk or rhythm to school ( 23 ) , and we will work with Local Education Authorities ( LEA ) and Local Governments to assist and back up schools to develop and advance active conveyance programs for both staff and students, including walking coachs, peculiarly for primary school students, which have been shown to be effectual in increasing degrees of physical activity in primary school kids ( 24 ) . But holding active conveyance programs is non sufficient to guarantee increased activity among staff and students, we besides need to guarantee the handiness of safe paths to schools, unafraid storage for rhythms and accoutrements etc. within schools and the support of parents to promote their kids to utilize active conveyance methods to acquire to and from school. To this terminal we will work with and buttonhole the Local Authority to guarantee that active conveyance is the easier pick for people to do and the LEA to guarantee s chools have the resources to supply secure storage installations. Persons diagnosed with many medical conditions may profit from increasing the sum of physical activity they do in order to forestall the patterned advance of their status. Working closely with GP ‘s these persons will be referred into activities which will assist forestall or cut down the patterned advance of their status. In many instances a first measure will be to supply information, particular to their status, about the principle for going more active and the hazards associated with non making so. As many of these people are likely to populate in countries of want ( 25, 26 ) the accent will be on advancing no-cost/low-cost activities, such as walking and cycling, which have been shown to be an appropriate method of advancing physical activity ( 1 ) . Walk is besides a suited activity for older people, every bit good as the physical benefits of improved or maintained musculus strength, joint mobility and proprioception, which can cut down falls in older grownups ( 2 ) , walk ing, peculiarly in a group, such as on a wellness walk, besides offers benefits which contribute to the societal and psychological wellbeing of persons ( 27 ) . We already have a web of wellness walks across the part, through the ‘Walking for Health ‘ programme and a figure of local groups presently provide a scope of cycling activities, including adaptative cycling, community rhythm drives and rhythm tuition. These activities will supply the back bone of our scheme but we need to guarantee they are accessible to people that need them. We will confer with with patient and support groups to guarantee that activities provided are activities of pick and are at a clip and topographic point where they can be accessed by the mark population. Many people with bing medical conditions require entree to specialised exercising proviso, aimed at cut downing farther disablement or helping rehabilitation ( 18 ) . We will look to use our bing exercising referral programme, working with qualified physical therapists and exercising professionals, from both the populace and private sectors, guaranting that patients are guided into suited activities and supported in their attempts to go more active. Activities will necessitate to be suited for Phase IV cardiac rehabilitation and/or rehabilitation from musculoskeletal hurt, among other conditions. Many of these activities already exist, through the public, private and voluntary sectors, and we will go on to work closely with suppliers to guarantee activities are suited for the referral programme, i.e. run by suitably qualified teachers and hazard assessed. Harmonizing to the 2006 Health Survey for England ( 14 ) one in four people said they would be far more active if they were advised to be so by a wellness professional. Therefore, based on the recommendations of NICE counsel ( 1 ) we will work closely with GP patterns to supply brief intercessions, based upon the â€Å" Lets Get Moving † ( LGM ) programme, for patients to assist promote them to be more physically active. This programme has been tried and tested in a figure of GP patterns in London and has been found to supply a cost effectual scheme for increasing population degrees of physical activity ( 4 ) . However, such work will be dependant on the suppliers of the brief intercession being able to signpost patients onto suited activities that they would wish to, or are willing to seek. The Change 4 Life web site has an activity hunt tool which is appropriate for this intent, although a elaborate function exercising will be required before manus, to guarantee as broad a s cope of local activities is included in the database and that information is current and correct. Although instruction entirely is improbable to hold a positive consequence on wellness behaviors, coupled with other attacks can take to the desired results. Evidence shows that old media runs to advance physical activity have been successful in raising consciousness and cognition, but non of increasing activity degrees ( 28, 29 ) , nevertheless, instruction is likely to play a cardinal function in the initial phases of many wellness publicity programmes ( 30 ) . Using societal selling techniques has been shown to be an effectual method of making difficult to make groups ( 31 ) , but instruction runs should be based upon positive messages, such as improved functional capacity or improved sleep forms, for illustration, instead than negative messages or panic tactics, which have been shown to be uneffective in arousing wellness behavior alteration ( 32 ) . The Change 4 Life programme is a national run, launched in 2009, which aims to assist persons and households to â€Å" eat good, travel more and unrecorded thirster † . We will seek to construct on the work that this programme has done, and continues to make, in advancing the benefits of an active life style. In add-on we will include physical activity information and the Change 4 Life activity hunt tool on the PCT web site and will promote our spouses, local authorization every bit good as other public, private and voluntary sector suppliers to make the same. Many administrations, such as the British Heart Foundation and Cancer UK, for illustration, bring forth a broad scope of literature on the benefits of physical activity in relation to specific wellness conditions and there is no purpose to re-invent the wheel. We do, nevertheless need to do certain that this information is made more widely available. We will therefore work closely with the local authorization libraries service, GP ‘s, tooth doctors, pharmaceuticss and supermarkets etc. to guarantee that these stuffs are available in the topographic points that people attend. We will besides set up a figure of awareness raising events across the part, supplying information and advice for the populace. These events will be specifically targeted in countries of greatest demand, i.e. countries of high want or countries where there is grounds of low consumption of physical activity, and will be held in topographic points where people congregate, i.e. supermarkets, station office, ca fe or public house for illustration. We will besides transport out media runs in partnership with local suppliers to advance specific activities at times of increased national involvement, associating into the 2012 Olympic Legacy programme, for illustration, or to bind in with other promotional events and national runs, such as National Walk 4 Life Day or National Older Person ‘s Day. Although there is limited grounds of wellness benefits of community engagement, it is suggested that persons have a better opportunity of accomplishing their ends if they participate with other people who are affected by, or portion, the same, or similar, fortunes ( 33 ) . There is good grounds to demo that authorization has the possible to bring forth improved wellness impacts, peculiarly when aiming specific community groups, such as adult females and people from deprived communities ( 34 ) . At the bosom of authorization is the construct that people can be equipped with the cognition, assurance and accomplishments to do a difference in their communities ( 35 ) . Involving members of the populace in back uping others within their ain communities to do positive wellness alterations in their lives is based on a sound apprehension of the value of life experience and community support systems that can be within vicinities ( 36, 37 ) . We will enroll people from different strands of the community and specific mark groups to go community Healthy Activity Champions. These persons will have preparation, support and counsel enabling them to transport out voluntary activities in their ain communities. However, engagement in physical activity within communities, particularly those in disadvantaged countries, is likely to be mostly dependent on the handiness and propinquity of installations and safe environments ( 38 ) . Having easy entree to safe community countries, such as resort areas or playing Fieldss, and doing local vicinities safe for out-of-door activity has a major consequence on bettering activity wonts, peculiarly among deprived populations, who by and large report lower degrees of physical activity ( 38 ) . Therefore we will work with bing community groups, particularly those in disadvantaged countries, to assist them convey about the alterations they want to see in their communities, assisting to pull support for local undertakings etc. In this we will wor k as a facilitator, non taking but back uping the community, supplying counsel and advice, as needed or requested, to enable them to accomplish their ain results, instead than those placed upon them by outside bureaus. Although, over recent old ages, there have been several authorities policies, schemes and studies either entirely aimed at, or at least integrating physical activity counsel and policy to some grade ( 7, 8, 17 ) , even the latest public wellness white paper ( 39 ) includes mention to the consequence physical activity can hold on the wellness of the state. We will go on to buttonhole, both locally, regionally and nationally, through the new Public Health England construction, for a wider consideration of physical activity in all authorities policies and schemes. We see a peculiar accent of this attack in buttonholing local authorities around the cardinal countries of local conveyance policy, to do active conveyance the easier pick, for both wellness and environmental sustainability. We will work closely with be aftering sections to guarantee that new developments incorporate programs to include safe countries for out-of-door activities and to travel off from the â€Å" No Ball Games † civilization that has developed in this state towards a civilization where we promote and encourage regular activity for all people, from cradle to sculpt. Costing Figure 2. Premises made in the preparation of declarative costing. Based on the NICE counsel ( 1 ) and the LGM feasibleness survey ( 4 ) , the undermentioned premises underlie this declarative costing. aˆ? Workforce cost premises: PCT Staff – ?25 per hr. ( Assume 20 proceedingss per patient ) aˆ? Training ; 6 PCT Staff for 3 hours ( module 1 ) – ?450.00 commissioning external preparation to present Module 2 preparation to 6 ( soap. 12 ) PCT staff – approx. ?2,500 ongoing pattern support – approx. ?200 per GP Practice per twelvemonth. aˆ? Premises ; Appraisal and brief intercession takes 15 to 20 proceedingss. Support activity following brief intercession and follow-up costs, ?5 per patient project intercession. The mean QALY gained per referral is 0.17 ( 1 ) ; ensuing from approx. 6 % of patients referred for interview accomplishing an addition in the figure of moderate activity Sessionss. Much of the work outlined by this scheme is already taking topographic point, although more attempt is needed to guarantee the success of this scheme. They key cost involved with this scheme will be for the puting up of the LGM programme and the rating procedure and declarative costs for this are given here. Areas where the PCT can anticipate to incur direct costs for puting up LGM are detailed in the programme commissioning usher ( 8 ) . Although, at this phase, elaborate costing has non been carried out for this programme, the Department of Health has provided an analysis of declarative costs ( 8 ) . However it should be noted that this economic analysis is intended to be declarative merely and will change harmonizing to the bringing methodological analysis chosen and the figure and features of the pati ents targeted ( see fig. 2 for premises made ) . Indicative set up costs Cost of staff preparation: ?3,000 Selling and Promotion: ?1,000 Staff costs involved with execution: ?5,000 Entire estimated set up costs: ?9,000 Indicative operating costs ( based upon 500 patients per pattern per twelvemonth ) Practice staff enrolling patients, finishing GPPAQ and mentioning for brief intercession ( Assuming ?5 per patient ) ?2,500 Brief intercession carried out by PCT staff ( Assuming 20 infinitesimal audience and ?25 per hr staff cost ) ?4,167 Assuming 80 % of patients undertake the intercession ( 400 patients ) Cost of support activity following brief intercession and followup ( based on ?5.00 per patient ) ?2,000 Entire cost per pattern for 1 twelvemonth ?8667 On this footing, with 15 patterns, each averaging 10,000 patients, covering the PCT country the entire jutting one-year costs are: – Year one ( including set-up costs ) ?139,005 Year two ( including 5 % cost addition ) ?136,505 Entire cost for two old ages ?275,510 The cost of rating for this scheme has yet to be finalised, nevertheless counsel suggests that around 10 % of the programme cost should be allocated to the rating procedure. Therefore leting between ?25,000 and ?30,000 would be appropriate for this scheme, giving a entire programme cost of around ?300,000. Based on NICE counsel ( 1 ) the estimated cost per QALY saved is ?295, good below the suggested threshold of ?30,000 per QALY ( 8 ) . Evaluation Measuring wellness publicity is non straightforward because it normally involves changing activities, long term aims and several spouses ( 18 ) . Health publicity argues for a holistic appraising attack, embracing qualitative research methodological analysiss, taking history of the changing contextual characteristics of many programmes ( 18 ) . The RE-AIM ( range, effectivity, acceptance, execution, care ) model ( 40 ) was developed to heighten the impact of wellness publicity intercessions by measuring the dimensions considered most relevant to real-world execution, such as the capacity to make underserved populations and to be adopted within diverse scenes ( 41 ) . The theoretical account was intended to steer planning and rating of evidence-based intercessions ( 42, 43 ) that address the different degrees of the socio-ecological theoretical account, such as those that target single wellness behavior alteration by increasing intrapersonal, organizational, and community resource sup port ( 44 ) ( see figure 3 for typical research inquiries ) . It has been used to measure a scope of wellness behavior alteration programmes, including physical activity, dietetic behavior, and smoke ( 45-47 ) . It is hence believed that this will be an ideal rating model for this scheme. Figure 3. RE-AIM Dimensions and Template Questions for Evaluating Health Education and Health Behaviour Research RE-AIM Dimension Questions Range ( Individual Level ) What per centum of potentially eligible participants a ) were excluded, B ) took portion and degree Celsius ) how representative were they? Efficacy or Effectiveness ( Individual Level ) What impact did the intercession have on a ) all participants who began the plan ; b ) on procedure intermediate and primary results ; and c ) on both positive and negative ( unintended ) , outcomes including quality of life? Adoption ( Puting Level ) What per centum of scenes and intercession agents within these scenes ( e.g. , schools/educators, medical offices/physicians ) a ) were excluded, B ) participated and degree Celsiuss ) how representative were they? Execution ( Setting/agent Level ) To what extent were the assorted intercession constituents delivered as intended ( in the protocol ) , particularly when conducted by different ( non-research ) staff members in applied scenes? Care ( Individual Level ) What were the long-run effects ( lower limit of 6-12 months following intercession ) ? B ) What was the abrasion rate ; were drop-outs representative ; and how did abrasion impact decisions about effectivity? Care ( Puting Level ) a ) To what extent were different intercession constituents continued or institutionalised? B ) How was the original plan modified? Beginning: www.re-aim.org It is import that rating of programmes, such as this, is built in from the beginning so that all involved know and acknowledge the end products and results that they are working toward ( 43 ) . We are presently working closely with local academic establishments to develop this rating procedure based upon the RE-AIM model. Decision It is widely accepted that physical inaction is a major subscriber to the load of ill-health that we face nationally today and that advancing and promoting an active life style is a simple, yet effectual, manner of cut downing this load for future coevalss. A behaviour alteration attack is likely to be most appropriate to increase population degrees of physical activity, and hence this is the chief attack used in this scheme. However, it must be recognised that a one size fits all scheme is improbable to be successful, hence, we have proposed a holistic attack to advancing active life styles. It should besides be recognised that many of the wellness results from schemes such as this are long term and are non likely to be realised within the life-time of the scheme. Therefore a robust rating model must be employed from the beginning so that advancement can be measured against programme end products, which grounds has shown to be effectual in accomplishing the anticipate wellness results. The RE-AIM model has been successfully used in assorted scenes, against a scope of behaviour alteration enterprises, including physical activity, hence it is ideal to be used for this scheme. Although this scheme is aimed at bettering the wellness of the population of Western Cheshire through increased activity degrees, if it is to be successful it will necessitate a conjunct attempt from the whole Public Health Department, from the Director of Public Health down, to guarantee that the scheme is accepted by all spouse administrations, both locally and nationally, peculiarly local and national authorities, to guarantee that physical activity is embedded in all policy, non merely regarded as a wellness or sport/community issue. Part 2. Behaviour Change The behavior alteration attack is popular in wellness publicity because it places wellness as the belongings of the person and assumes that people can do existent betterments to their wellness by taking to do appropriate life styles alterations ( 18 ) . Although behaviour alteration programmes tend to be an expert led, exceed down attack ( 18 ) , this scheme proposes a client led, bottom up attack. The programme is based on the healthcare professional supplying a brief intercession with persons, identified as person who would profit from increased activity. The procedure of behavior alteration is simply facilitated by the healthcare professional, through the proviso of appropriate information and advice particular to the person in the initial phase of the procedure. Then steering and back uping them, utilizing motivational interviewing techniques, instead than taking, through the behaviour alteration procedure. Critical to the bringing of these brief intercessions is the manner they are implemented. Nice counsel on behavior alteration intercessions delivered to persons recommends that practicians select intercessions that will actuate and back up patients to believe about the effects of their current behavior, see the positive effects of altering and program for alteration in little stairss ( 48 ) . NICE Public Health Guidance ( 1 ) recommends ; â€Å" Primary attention practicians should take the chance, whenever possible, to place inactive grownups and rede them to take for 30 proceedingss of moderate activity on 5 yearss of the hebdomad ( or more ) . They should utilize their opinion to find when this would be inappropriate ( for illustration, because of medical conditions or personal fortunes ) . They should utilize a validated tool, such as the Department of Health ‘s general practician physical activity questionnaire ( GPPAQ ) , to place inactive persons. When supplying physical activity advice, primary attention practicians should take into history the person ‘s demands, penchants and fortunes. They should hold ends with them. They should besides supply written information about the benefits of activity and the local chances to be active. They should follow them up at appropriate intervals over a 3 to 6 month period. † Brief intercessions have become the intercession of pick for many wellness publicity runs ( 18 ) and are by and large based upon the transtheoretical, or phases of alteration, theoretical account of behavioral alteration and, on occasion, the theory of self-government ( 49 ) . The transtheoretical theoretical account was foremost proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982 ( 50 ) , taking history of concepts from several theories from the field of psychological science, such as the theory of reasoned action ( 51 ) , and theory of planned behavior ( 52 ) . Sniehotta suggests that while these theories advanced apprehension of motive with respect to behaviour alteration they made small part to the scientific discipline of behavior alteration because they did non include a agencies for altering behavior or did non account for non-motivational behavior alteration techniques ( 53 ) . The construct of phases of alteration emerged during research into the procedures that persons use to alte r their troubled behavior ( 50 ) but the theoretical account has since been successfully used for many wellness behaviors change intercessions, including smoke ( 54, 55 ) , intoxicant ( 56, 57 ) , dietetic ( 58 ) , every bit good as physical activity ( 49 ) . A recent reappraisal indicated that motivational interviewing, based upon a ‘stages of alteration ‘ theoretical account, efficaciously helps clients to positively alter their behavior and exceeded results of advice merely intercessions in 80 % of the surveies included in the reappraisal ( 59 ) . The writers of the reappraisal farther suggest that, although some alterations may non be clinically important, it was of import to maintain in head that the procedure is based upon doing the patients cognizant of the potency for behavior alteration ensuing in improved wellness results and that the little alterations made within the period of survey may besides be of long term involvement if they mark the beginning of a long term procedure of alteration for the person ( 59 ) . The Lets Get Moving attack is a behaviour alteration intercession that has been designed to supply a systematic attack to placing and back uping grownups who are non run intoing the current recommendations for physical activity to go more active ( 8 ) . The attack is based upon NICE Public Health Guidance ( 1 ) , which endorses the usage of brief intercessions for physical activity publicity in primary attention as being both clinically and be effectual in the long term. The programme draws upon motivational questioning techniques to foreground the wellness benefits of physical activity, working through cardinal behaviors alteration phases and reasoning with a clear physical activity end, which is set by the person, and the designation of suited local chances to be active, including exercising referral, if appropriate ( 8 ) . Motivational interviewing is a patient centred attack, which fits in with the current authorities mantra â€Å" No determination about me, without me † . The procedure aims to arouse and beef up an persons intrinsic motive to alter lifestyle behaviors ( 8 ) and has been used by a assortment of health care professionals, across a scope of primary attention scenes, to present improved wellness results ( 60 ) . The active constituents of motivational interviewing are increasing preparedness to alter, utilizing empathetic listening techniques, increasing self-efficacy and increasing the sensed disagreement between existent and ideal behavior ( 61 ) . A recent reappraisal has shown that motivational interviewing in primary attention can hold a positive consequence on a scope of wellness behaviors, including diet and physical activity ( 62 ) . The construct of motivational questioning evolved from the experience of handling alcohol addiction, and was foremost described by Miller in 1983 ( 63 ) . This basic experience was developed into a coherent theory, and a elaborate description of the clinical process was provided by Miller and Rollnick ( 64 ) , who defined motivational interviewing as a ‘directive, client centred counselling manner for arousing behaviour alteration by assisting clients to research and decide ambivalency ‘ . The schemes of motivational interviewing are more persuasive than coercive, more supportive than argumentative, and the overall end is to increase the client ‘s intrinsic motive so that alteration arises from within instead than being imposed from without ( 65 ) . The motivational interviewing manner is a collaborative method utilizing distinguishable rules and techniques, while utilizing client centred techniques to construct trust and cut down opposition, the supplier focuses di rectively on increasing preparedness for alteration ( 61 ) . Reappraisals of physical activity intercessions have identified the scene of general pattern as a potentially effectual scene for population degree of physical activity publicity schemes ( 66, 67 ) . A written prescription is a familiar manner for patients to have advice from their GP, normally in the signifier of medicine ( 68 ) , and research has shown that supplying patients with a written prescription to take more exercising has been effectual, at least in the short term ( 6 to 10 hebdomads ) ( 69-71 ) . However grounds suggests that long term attachment to exert programmes may necessitate multiple contacts with the wellness professional and that GP ‘s, in peculiar, have expressed concern about deficiency of clip, assurance or skill to present separately tailored exercising advice ( 68 ) . It is suggested that one manner of get the better ofing these barriers is for other allied wellness professionals to supply the brief intercession following designation of suited campaign ers by the GP or pattern nurse ( 66, 69, 72 ) utilizing a validated tool, such as GPPAQ, to measure current activity degrees ( 1 ) . This is the attack proposed in this scheme, using allied wellness workers, such as wellness trainers, for illustration, appropriately trained to present the initial brief intercession and motivational interview audiences, following on from the referral by the healthcare professional, either at the GP pattern or in a separate location. Promoting physical activity in primary attention is recognised as an of import and potentially effectual attack for increasing population degrees of physical activity ( 1, 73, 74 ) . With assorted attacks being tried over recent old ages, including giving advice or guidance ( 75, 76 ) , supplying written resources ( advice brochures etc. ) ( 71 ) and exercise referral programmes ( 1, 77 ) . There is an increasing sum of grounds for the impact of wellness professionals promoting physical activity within primary attention ( 78 ) . A recent Australian survey suggests that merely three to five proceedingss of brief advice from a General Practitioner, supported with appropriate written stuffs, could take to an addition in the proportion of patients run intoing recommended degrees of physical activity 24 hebdomads after the intercession ( 68 ) . Similarly a survey on the effects of three brief intercession and reding attacks conducted by pattern nurses on patients with hazard factors assoc iating to cardiovascular disease besides showed a important addition in reported activity degrees four months after the intercession ( 75 ) . In 2009 the Department for Health launched the ‘Be Active, Be Healthy ‘ policy which proposed the phased airing of the ‘Lets Get Traveling ‘ programme, and the new authorities public wellness white paper ( 39 ) endorses the programme within the new public wellness construction. Decision Behaviour alteration intercessions are by and large seen as one of the most appropriate attack to increasing population degrees of physical activity and, among these, brief intercessions appear to be a popular pick among wellness publicity staff. Evidence suggests that the add-on of motivational interview techniques to the intercession has served to increase the effectivity of these intercessions in a assortment of wellness publicity scenes. The usage of the ‘Lets Get Traveling ‘ protocol for increasing activity degrees has been tried and tested and found to be both clinically and be effectual in a primary attention scene and is hence seen to be an appropriate attack to utilize for this scheme. This attack was endorsed by the old Labour authorities and this support has been re-iterated by the current Lib Dem/Conservative alliance authorities in the latest public wellness white paper and back uping paperss. How to cite Community Levels Of Physical Activity Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures. Answer: Introduction Smart Grid is nothing but the integration of 20th centurys traditional electrical power grid made up of newer 21st centurys telecommunication and information technologies (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). This integration enables the efficient resource utilization for optimizing energy consumption aspects within electrical energy production industry. Henceforth, this technology includes the energy and communication flow in two specific ways. The smart grid technology emerged for managing significant areas of development in energy consumption therefore; the National Institute of technology has developed one model for managing the system architectural development of smart grid technology. Additionally for the evolution of this technology it introduces various other technologies for managing effective communication measures. Among all of this Internet of Things are considered within this assignment for managing highly compatible communication plan management for Smart Grid Technology. History of Smart Grid Technology and Internet of Things Almost as soon as there were the evolution of electrical distribution grids, the demands for devices that will be monitoring and measuring consumptions that needs to be managed with the help of supplier distributions and price controlling processes. Henceforth, the concept of smart grid was evolved within the technical domain of operation for managing the system architectural development within the industry (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There were various obstacles that opposed the information gathering process of grids and these are managed for developing grid management processes. In the year of 1882, Pearl Street System in lower Manhattan attempted to drag one electromagnet against one cautiously attuned spring closed or opened associates that illuminates red lamp or blue lamp. This experiment proved the smart operation of smart grid preparation process (Falvo et al., 2013). In addition to this, in the year of 1872, Samuel Gardiner innovated one stopped clock that also includes the te chnological advancement of smart grid technology which invested its role in developing the significant areas of operations within network architecture. Internet of things is another aspect that manages the internal as well as external connectivity involved within the significant system architecture of network infrastructure. Internet of things is nothing but one technology that integrates significant resources and functional elements which connects the elements involved within the network infrastructure (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). Internet of things connects functional blocks with respective situations for managing developing significant areas of operations within network architecture (Fettweis, 2014). There are different areas of operations that manage internet connectivity for appliances. These appliances includes smart air conditioners, smart TV, smart other appliances that connects itself with respect to various functional operational perspectives.these appliances are managed with respect to significant IP addresses assigned within each of devices. Relation with Smart grid and IoT Smart grid is nothing but the integration process of managing the significant appliances over a specific network infrastructure that manages the development of functional blocks involved within a network infrastructure (Friess, 2013). In addition to this,every device or functional block includes a specific assigned IP address that identified their operational status. Now these status is sent through the internet connectivity provided by Internet of Things within the network infrastructure. Therefore, smart grid technology requires the help of smart Internet of Things for managing their operational performance within the network infrastructure for managing their system architecture as well as their operational excellence with respect to the demands of network infrastructure (Gubbi et al., 2013). Communication protocols also play important and significant role mitigating issues and functional errors for the operational excellence being measured within the considered network infrastruct ure. Smart grid communications are mainly based upon wired and wireless network technologies that are apart from the technological perspectives these networks are based upon the functionalities of smart grids (Markovic et al., 2013). Additionally, these classifications involved within this research are classified Home area network, neighbourhood area network, access network and core or external networks etc. This network generally connects various smart grid objects such as home appliances, smart meters reclosers, capacitors etc. In contrast with these facts, all of these appliances are geologically disseminated throughout the grids from residential units to the substations. As mentioned within the introduction there are various communication protocols that are used within these appliances with the help different speed rates (Moreno-Munoz et al., 2016). The bandwidth and latency are managed with respect to the significant transmission bandwidths and other possible solutions. IoT Smart Grid Conceptual Model As mentioned within the preceding section of smart grid technologies and IoT technologies, it is found that the smart homes have various applications and some form of renewable energy possessions. These applications and possessions are considered as IoT technologies (Siano, 2014). These technologies can download and upload data and information from utilities and residential place owners. At a large intake, many of the devices which are considered as IoT objects such as reclosers, capacitors banks and switches etc. Smart grid or for larger cities may have huge amount of IoT devices within it. Smart Grid application Band Width Latency Substation automation 9.6 56 Kbps 15- 200 ms WASA Automation 600-1500 Kbps 15- 200 ms Outage Management 56 Kbps 100-2sec Distribution Automation 9.6-56 Kbps 100 ms- 2 sec Smart Meter Reading 10- 100 Kbps 2000 ms The research proposes that each appliance have significant IP addresses. These require the smart grid to has huge number of IP addresses (Gubbi et al., 2013). For this reason the IPV 4 is not suitable here as it contains only 32 bit addresses and therefore, it requires IPV6 addressing scheme (Zanella et al., 2014). In addition to this, this research is considering the 6LowPANcommunication protocol for managing the communication between different components of smart grid appliances. Smart home appliances combines smart appliances that are considered as one object for managing various operations within smart grid network (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). These appliances are air conditioners, water heaters, dishwashers etc. Unique IP addresses are assigned within each of the appliances of smart home and these can be accessed with the help of internet that is IoT (Gubbi et al., 2013). With the help of IoT the status of the appliances are transferred to the monitoring heads. The power substation has many devices that such as transformers, breakers, recorders and IEDs etc. Similarly, the substation is also considered as one object and these are assigned with significant IP addresses and their status is transferred through internet (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There are authorized operators within the areas who manage these operations. Distributed renewable energy resources The dispersed renewable energy possessions are one of the key smart grid enablers that are installed within the housing areas of operations (Fettweis, 2014). This supplements power sources to the areas for these appliances being installed within the network architecture of the system (Gubbi et al., 2013). These are also have significant IP addresses and these are accessed through the internet of things devices over any significant regions. For operating grid efficiency a mobile labor force needs to be available for 24 hours within the network architecture. These include laptop, fridges, power lines etc (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). These also used different IP addresses and are accessed with the help of internet activity and these IP addresses within the network. This center have huge amount of appliances and database services within their network, such as DMS (distribution management system), CIS (Customer information systems), SCADA etc. Each of these services has their own IP addresses and these can be connected with help of Internet of Things approach (Friess, 2013). Echo systems are nothing but the external power server providers. These are also known as third party power provider (Gubbi et al., 2013). Each of these also has significant IP addresses over their network infrastructure. Conclusion This can be concluded that the conceptual model for the smart grid technology within the IoT concept. In consideration with the research processes, appliances and devices are considered as the objects. Each object are assigned with some specific IP addresses that are connected with the help of PLC, LTE and other communication measures and IoT plays a great role in managing relation in between these functional elements. Therefore, these are managed with respect to these functional areas and domains of operations within this report. IoT is used within this research as linking communication components that manages the communication measures for these considered objects. All of these information collected and gather from this research proceses, it is highlighted that the consideration for smart grid and internet of things are very essential for managing the development perspective of any network infrastructure and developmental aspect of the network infrastructure. References Al-Ali, A. R., Aburukba, R. (2015). Role of internet of things in the smart grid technology.Journal of Computer and Communications,3(05), 229. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), 2347-2376. Falvo, M. C., Martirano, L., Sbordone, D., Bocci, E. (2013, May). Technologies for smart grids: A brief review. InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2013 12th International Conference on(pp. 369-375). IEEE. Fettweis, G. P. (2014). The tactile internet: Applications and challenges.IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine,9(1), 64-70. Fortino, G., Trunfio, P. (2014). Internet of things based on smart objects.Fortino P. Trunfio, eds., Cham: Springer International Publishing. Friess, P. (2013).Internet of things: converging technologies for smart environments and integrated ecosystems. River Publishers. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Markovic, D. S., Zivkovic, D., Branovic, I., Popovic, R., Cvetkovic, D. (2013). Smart power grid and cloud computing.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,24, 566-577. Moreno-Munoz, A., Bellido-Outeirino, F. J., Siano, P., Gomez-Nieto, M. A. (2016). Mobile social media for smart grids customer engagement: Emerging trends and challenges.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, 1611-1616. Siano, P. (2014). Demand response and smart gridsA survey.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,30, 461-478. Yan, Y., Qian, Y., Sharif, H., Tipper, D. (2013). A survey on smart grid communication infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,15(1), 5-20. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.IEEE Internet of Things journal,1(1), 22-32.

art with twist Essays

art with twist Essays art with twist Essay art with twist Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Mona Lisa’s Salvador Dali Alteration In 1954, Salvador Dali painted the Mona Lisa as a self-portrait. The alternation associated the painter’s facial features to the Original Mona Lisa. For instance, the Salvador Lisa painting exhibits a moustache and no central hair division, uncharacteristic of the original Mona Lisa. Additionally, the soft feminine hands are replaced by callous masculine hands that are not folded but holding many coins. Salvador prefers restricted color shades using only black and white unlike Leonardo’s painting. The eyes in the later painting are conspicuous while disproportional to each other. However, the later painting retains most original details in reference to the burst hair and neck. I choose the paint because of the contrast in emotions it creates to a viewer familiar with the original art piece. Salvador Dali is Spanish in decent and was born in May 1904. He was made to believe by he was the incarnate form of his brother who had died nine months before Salvador’s birth. With his mother’s encouragement, he pursued art in Madrid’s fine art institute earning recognition for his cubanism art style (Bennett 16). He was later expelled on claiming none of the faculty members was competent enough to examine him (Dali? et al. 201). However, he excelled to the extent of having exhibitions with acclaimed artists such as Picasso and Miro. More ever, Salvador’s painting illustrates a level of outrageousness in its distinctive features such as the moustache or hands. The beautiful mystic inherent in the original painting is replaced by disbelief from the hideous stare in Salvador’s painting. An audience of the later painting can deduce a cultural transformation during the period between the two art pieces. Where artists in Leonardo’s era were resp ected beauty freedom and mystic in comparison to Salvador’s era where self-perception and money are of preeminence given the addition of personal facial features with a handful of coins replacing the liberty of Mona Lisa’s hands. Leonardo da Vinci is the artist behind the original Mona Lisa. He exhibited great ingenuity during the renaissance age through his music, physics, paintings and literary works. Born in Italy in 1452, Leonardo acquired informal education in languages, art, and mathematics and related engineering fields while as an apprentice. His Father was a rich and practiced polygamy. He was born out of wedlock to a peasant young girl in Vinci Italy. Leonardo’s recognition in the early ages was mostly through his scientific and industrial inventions. The Mona Lisa was a project he undertook between 1504 and 1519 to paint a smiling woman. The painting is characterized by enigma given the smile and the stare where Leonardo darkens the shade on the lip as well as the eyelids. The painting is arguably Leonardo’s’ most favorite given he kept it until his death (Witteman 20). The enigma in the painting inspired artists such as Walter Pater to express better female mystique via painting. The oil colors where combined and brushed to create a background uncommon at that age complementing the appeal already existing in the smooth neck and burst. Mona Lisa has no sign of overlaying thus indicating Leonardo’s expertise in spite of his habit of leaving paintings unfinished. His paintings like the Mona Lisa demonstrated an integration of knowledge in geology, anatomy and color traits learnt while as an apprentice (Witteman 4). Salvador, replaces the sense of freedom in the original background by painting a grey almost turbulent shade. This can be explained as an attempt to create a satirical twist on the original painting. Work cited Bennett, L. (2005). Salvador Dali. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library. Dali?, Salvador, and Haakon Chevalier. The Secret Life of Salvador Dali?. New York: Dover Publications, 1993. Print. Galli, Letizia, and Leonardo. Mona Lisa: The Secret of the Smile. New York: Doubleday Book for Young Readers, 1995. Print. Witteman, Barbara. Leonardo Da Vinci. Mankato, Minn: Capstone, 2008. Print.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essays (783 words) - Outerwall, Inc.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essays (783 words) - Outerwall, Inc. Blue Ocean Strategy Paper MKT/421 Blue Ocean Strategy Paper When undertaking a business endeavor individuals and firms alike must determine a strategy. One of the most important strategic dilemmas is whether to use a blue or red ocean strategy when creating new products. Both strategies possess strengths and weaknesses that need careful consideration before launching new products. Description and Importance of Blue Ocean Strategy Growth in any business is often associated with innovation. That is, paving the way in creating a ground breaking product previously unheard of. In many ways innovation can be associated with a blue ocean strategy. Blue oceans denote all the industries not in existence today-the unknown market space, untainted by competition(Kim and Mauborgne, 2004, pg.77). This strategy is especially important not only for the growth within a firm, but also, growth with societies. Innovative ideas, goods, and services are needed in order to generate growth for both societies and economies. One of the most appealing benefits of blue ocean strategy is creation of new industries within untapped market space means that there is no initial competition with little to no barriers to entry. This allows the opportunity for generation of profit at drastic rates. Additionally, rather than exploiting and sharing a portion of demand from competitors, blue ocean strategy creates demand. This allows the firm to capitalize from all of the newly created demand. As with most things, blue ocean strategy also has weaknesses. Although firms do not share portions of customer demand, creating demand within a new industry is challenging. Additionally, because there are no similar products in market there are no accurate indications as to whether the product will result in success or failure. What is important to understand is that while the rewards associated with blue ocean strategy are high, the risks attached are also escalated. Example of Blue Ocean Strategies It is important to understand that blue ocean strategy includes more than giving rise to entirely new industries. In most cases, a blue ocean is created from within a red ocean when a company alters the boundaries of an existing industry(Kim and Mauborgne, 2004, pg.78). An example of a blue ocean move was the introduction of Redbox movie kiosks by Outerwall Inc. Movie rentals within the entertainment industry were not a new concept. However, Redbox revolutionized this industry through placing movie rental kiosks at convenient locations. Rather than driving to movie rental stores and spending large amounts of money to rent newly released movies, customers could drive to the local convenience store and rent movies at a much lower rate. This is an example of a blue ocean move because rather than introducing another substitute version of Blockbuster movie rental stores, Redbox chose a path that altered the existing industry. Altering the manner in which customers can rent movies to more of a self-service option, decreases costs, in turn savings can be transferred to consumers providing an enticing option for movie rentals. Alternative Red Ocean Strategy Redboxs decision to use a red ocean strategy in attempting to enter the crowded market of video streaming with the introduction of Redbox Instant resulted in the exact opposite of the movie rental kiosks. It could be said that just as quickly as Redbox movie kiosks became a desired product and flourished, Redbox Instant failed. Redbox Instant, a joint venture between Verizon Communications Inc and Outerwall Inc was operational for approximately one year before the two determined the venture was not as successful as either had hoped (The Huffington Post, 2015). This is an example of a red ocean strategy because the joint venture attempted to tap into a market which already had generated demand. While previously generated demand is one of the strengths associated with using red ocean strategy, the result of this joint venture is prime example of just how dangerous red ocean strategy is when attempting to enter an already crowded market industry. Conclusion The important thing to remember when marketing new products is that products should encapsulate the satisfaction of customer needs(Perreault, Cannon, and McCarthy, 2011). A firm must quickly decide whether to enter into an existing market space or create a new market space. Evaluating the pros and cons of both red and blue ocean strategy will help

Nursing - Use of Herbals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Use of Herbals - Research Paper Example Studies have also shown improvements in the control of quality and evaluation of these compounds. Considering that many herbal compounds do not undergo chemical processing, many people think that they are safe, and have no side effects even when taken beyond measure (Cassileth, Yeung, and Gubili & 2008). They also tend to use these compounds alongside prescribed medicines having the impression that they will improve treatment. Despite their proven values, herbals do not have the perceived safety, and neither do they all improve treatment when used alongside prescribed drugs. One of the emerging issues in modern times is that herbal compounds are not as safe as they are thought to be. In fact, they may be counterproductive when used by patients undergoing certain treatments and those on prescription medications. History of herbal medicine use The use of herbals has a long history dating back about ten thousand years. Some of the longest records of the use of herbal medicines include t hose found in Egypt, India and ancient China. Herbals also have a long history in other indigenous cultures including the Native American and African cultures. With the advent of chemical analysis in the 19th century, scientists started extracting and modifying active ingredients contained in plants and came up with pharmaceuticals. Even with the development of pharmaceuticals, natural remedies to human health still represent a significant portion of the US market, and other parts of the globe. In places like Germany, for example, the sales turnover of one herbal product called silymarin amounts to $180 million annually (Breevort, 1996). This herbal compound is used almost exclusively for treating liver problems. Almost a third of outpatients seeking medical care from liver clinics use this product according to Breevort (1996). Breevort (1996) also explains that marketing of herbals between 1992 and 1996 increased threefold. Studies also reveal that over the last two decades, there has been growth in the level of public dissatisfaction with the prices of prescription medications, coupled with a growing interest in organic or natural remedies in the United States. This essentially has led to an increase in herbal medicines use. How herbals work Unlike doctors practicing conventional medicine, herbalists try to find and deal with the underlying causes of a health problem instead of treating individual symptoms. This is done based on the belief that the use of herbal tonics and tinctures can help the body heal itself by restoring harmony and balance, and activating the life force of the body (Cassileth, Yeung, and Gubili & 2008). Just like naturopathic medicine, it aims at supporting the body’s natural ability to achieve optimal health, and facilitating the innate healing mechanisms of the body. The compounds used for conducting herbal treatments are extracted from roots, barks, berries, seeds, leaves, flowers and petals of plants, and are presented as com plex mixtures of many different compounds. Efficacy and safety of herbal products There are a number of scientific literatures that have documented the safety and efficacy of herbal products including their toxic effects. Many of these reports contradict the popular view asserting that herbals are natural compounds and, therefore, are harmless. A study conducted by the National Poison Information Service during the period 1991-1995 recorded 785Â  cases of confirmed or probable cases of adverse reactions to

Credit Risk Analysis - Application of Logistic Regression Essay

Credit Risk Analysis - Application of Logistic Regression - Essay Example The scales of different variables are set as most of the variables are set as â€Å"nominal†, which however, is not correct. Out of a mix of 20 independent variables, 7 variables are referred as â€Å"scale† variables, 4 variables are labeled as â€Å"ordinal† and the rest of variables are considered as â€Å"nominal†. 2. In applying binary logistic regression, â€Å"Forwards LR† method is used to run the data because this method takes variables one by one in the analysis and in the last step, present the most statistically significant and important variables which are helpful in the analysis. 3. Hosmer and Lemeshow Test, is selected to find out the relationship between the observed values and the expected values. With the help of SPSS, following tables are generated, since â€Å"Forward LR† method is used and due to this method, 11 steps are taken by this method, therefore, in order to maintain the conciseness of the report, the values of al l previous 10 steps have been omitted from the tables. Only values pertaining to step 11 are taken in the analysis. All the tables and their interpretation are presented from next page. Classification Tablea,b Observed Predicted CreditRisk Percentage Correct Bad Good Step 0 CreditRisk Bad 0 300 .0 Good 0 700 100.0 Overall Percentage 70.0 a. Constant is included in the model. b. The cut value is .500 The 2 x 2 table that has been presented above, tallies the incorrect and correct estimations for the constants of null model. Rows represent the actual (observed) value of dependent whereas columns represent the predicted values. The overall percentage is taken as 100%. In a perfect model, the cases will be in the diagonal. If there is heteroscedasticity in logistic model, then for both the rows, the percentage will nearly be same. This phenomenon is not found here, the model is predicting â€Å"Good† cases but any â€Å"Bad† cases are not predicted. While, the overall perc entages are predicted exactly having overall percentage of 70% which is moderately good. It is to be noted by the researcher that the category which is most frequent for all â€Å"Good† cases produces the same and correct percentage of 70%. Variables in the Equation B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B) Step 0 Constant .847 .069 150.762 1 .000 2.333 In the above mentioned SPSS results, for all the independent variables, the coefficients are 0. The findings significantly reveal that in this case, the null hypothesis should be rejected. Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients Chi-square Df Sig. Step 11 Step 5.276 1 .022 Block 300.781 31 .000 Model 300.781 31 .000 The purpose of chi-square goodness of fit test is to investigate whether the step of judging null hypothesis is justified or not. In this case, the step has been taken from constant-only model to independent model. The step of adding variables or variable in this scenario can be justified if the values are less than 0.05. If the step would be to exclude variables from equations of this model, than it would be justified by taking the cutoff point as greater than 0.10. Since the sig. values are less 0.05, therefore null hypothesis can be rejected and the model is statistically significant. Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 11 920.948a .260 .368 a.† Estimation terminated at iteration number 5 because parameter

Main idea and themes of Simon Schama's Caravaggio Essay

Main idea and themes of Simon Schama's Caravaggio - Essay Example One of the themes represented is breaching of Renaissance art. Caravaggio went against the rules of Renaissance that is sticking to religious subjects, capturing reality, and depicting mythology in most of their work. He settled for his own style of art; capturing what he saw in real time, and translating it directly onto canvas. The other theme of the video is the use of paintings in the Roman Catholic Church. The [Catholic] church used paintings to seduce people, or â€Å"win souls†. The paintings depicted Christian themes of the Virgin and baby Jesus, and were used to decorate churches. The final theme appearing in the video is the standoff that existed between the Roman Catholic Church and the emerging Protestant Christians. The Protestants were advocating for the destruction of all catholic paintings saying that the Bible is what should guide a Christian, and not paintings. Additionally, the Protestants were attacking the Catholic’s obsession with painting, terming it as idolatry and a misguided

Management and leadership of astrazeneca

Management and leadership of astrazeneca INTRODUCTION Strategic management leadership is the framework of all organizations success. According to my experience of working in AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, it is my understanding that strategies are tactical plans needed by any organization to ensure dynamic achievement of its objectives. Both areas of management leadership are magnanimously benefited by how these strategies are enforced. Hence, the way management is being performed must be conjoined by a leadership that shares similar tenacity in reaching its goals. But these goals may not always be objectified nor the organization geared to the path it is expected to go. This also gives great importance in controlling these strategies to the people who do it. 1.1.1 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT comprises a series of long-term managerial decisions actions in which a firm selects implements strategies. The purpose of these strategies is to build the firms strengths through market positioning /or accumulation of internal resources that will give the firm an advantage over rivals (Parthasarthy, 2007). 1.1.2 STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP refers to the leadership capabilities of strategic managers in conceiving an inspiring vision guiding the firm to its vision. The quality of leadership is assessed by the strategic choices managers make that endow the firm with the competitive advantages it needs for sustained good performance (Parthasarthy, 2007) The way an organization goes through its strategy processes in order to achieve its company mission translates to what management leadership styles are to be implemented. One organization that greatly exemplifies a successful management leadership style that is congruent to its strategies in achieving its objectives is the global company AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT IN ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS 1.2.1 COMPANY PROFILE AstraZeneca takes great pride in having an immense range of pharmaceutical products in its pipeline is one of the worlds leading companies in the market. It discovers prescription medicines, both biologics vaccines, develops manufactures them for significant dimensions of healthcare: pain infection, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurology, oncology respiratory. It spends more than $15 million daily on breakthrough medicines. Its head office is located in London, UK but its 3 major research development sites are found in SWEDEN, UK USA. Now, AstraZeneca operates in more than 100 countries worldwide. 1.2.2 LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP The success of the organization is reliant on how its strategic management leadership is confederated translating to effective achievement of objectives. Strategic Management is responsible in formulating, executing assessing the effectiveness of these corporate tactics. It follows a global set of guidelines in all its areas of function research development, manufacturing distribution, operations management sales marketing. These are then streamlined to the different corporate levels for execution to meet the organizational performance target for the month, semester fiscal year. The company relies on how effective the strategies are as devised by the management in turn, the management entrusts the companys triumph in the market over competition by how leadership gets the job done on the frontline. 1.2.3 MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP STYLE IN ASTRAZENECA AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals performance is dependent on the level of commitment the employees devote to their individual tasks. The company commences its achievement of objectives from its vision of researching developing the best ethical pharmaceutical products in the market for sales marketing people to promote create demand for. Throughout the process, every other corporate function gets involved in achieving the organizations target sales growth market leadership. Thus, it is fitting to say that how these people are being motivated managed dictates how much commitment they are willing to put into practice. 1.2.3.1 REASSURE CHALLENGE STYLES OF LEADERSHIP adjust the level of challenge and make sure there is an appropriate level of performance anxiety. The goal is anxiety in moderation. Performance commitment is high if only if employees feel slightly anxious about succeeding. Reassure style of leadership help employees cope with the stresses challenges of work life. Challenge style of leadership push employees by raising the level of challenge (Hiam, 2000). This organization deals with a business that sustains life health. Its main guideline for all its employees around the globe is the promotion of safety, health environment protection. It demands its employees to follow these guidelines for their own individual benefit but it also ensures the organizations protection of its employees as well. The management actively advocates for well-documented reporting of adverse events or any untoward incident involving any of its promoted on-study products showing its commitment to valuing life health. 1.2.4 LEADERSHIP STYLE ADAPTED IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Since pharmaceutical business presently faces a diversity of issues in the market, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals campaigns for the 3 Bsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Brilliance Beyond Basics. The company urges every employee to utilize every company resource strategically. As research development processes cant be compromised, strategic spending effective economics are implemented in the sales marketing departments specifically. Having brilliance beyond basics is utilizing the best companys assets, its people, breakthrough pharmaceutical products, employee training skills enhancement in the most strategic way. To help these employees cope perform satisfactorily, there is a constant mentoring in-field coaching for the frontline employees, scientific trainings conducted regularly involving all levels of sales marketing management to combat competitors strategies, team-building activities being held quarterly in all departments giving importance to professional-personal life balance, regular forum between top management all other levels to discuss any concern involving employment, benefits disputes, open communication among all employees performance review of not just managers on employees but employees on managers as well, ultimately national conferences to gather employees from all parts of the country/organization to give citations merits for job well done. 1.2.5 EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals competes in the market with various pharmaceutical giants influx of local drug companies by meeting them headstrong through its valuable product portfolio. As this organization is involved in research development, it takes pride in its ethical products envisions itself to be the No.1 ethical pharmaceutical company in the world each passing year. It believes in empowering its people who as a result empowers the organization its business. In ensuring that all employees get heard, the company uses the greatest tool in knowing about their view of the entire organization, its management leadership, through the Focus Survey. This strategic tool serves as evaluation by employees of how strategic managers leaders run the organization. Global guidelines being designed each year every revision period in AstraZeneca is dependent on the result of the Focus Survey. 1.3 CONCLUSION The management leadership style of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals have been successful in enduring the stringent market competition. It strategically addresses every business challenge continuously empowers motivates its employees. The style adapted by this organization is best exemplified by Buhler in stating that leadership is more focused on energizing people in their performance while management is more focused on monitoring their performance levels (2001). Both areas really work hand in hand serve critical functions for this organization to achieve its objectives. The management leadership style of an organization transcends to employee performance. Motivated people in a company sustains the organization its goals.

Bonds and The Bond Market Essay -- essays papers

Bonds and The Bond Market Given today's uncertain economy, many people are taking time to examine various options for their financial future. Different types of investments are investigated and bonds are one of the more popular choices considered. Many of the same people who talk about investing in bonds, however, do not fully understand them nor where they place in the economy. Many individuals believe that they should simply buy a bond and wait until it matures before cashing it in. These people fail to realize that they may be losing a lot of money due to the fluctuation of bond prices. At some point it may be more profitable for them to sell their bond than to keep it until the payment date is reached. There are many people who do not understand what bonds really are. A bond is an agreement between two separate entities. One of these bodies gives, to the other, use of their money for a period of time and, in return, may receive a "bond". The bond issuer agrees to a fixed rate of return which he will pay the supporting person or business. This fixed rate of return is an amount, in percentages, which is paid at regular intervals until some future specified time ( the "maturity date"). Upon reaching the maturity date, one's original investment is returned to them. As previously mentioned, bonds are one of the more popular types of financial investment in today's economy. There are many reasons why people invest in bonds. For example, if one chooses a stable and profitable bond, it will provide a steady source of income through interest payments during the lifetime of the bond. As well, the risk when investing in a bond is considerably less than for most other forms of investment. The bond does not, for instance, experience the volatility of a stock on the stock market, like many other forms of investment do. Also, in instances where the issuer fails to pay the principal amount back to the bond holder, legal recourse is available. Furthermore, in cases of bankruptcy within large corporations with stock holders, bond holders take priority and are ... ...onsequently the prices of previously purchased bonds decrease. If you are able to hold onto your bond until the maturity date is reached, temporary changes in interest rates will not affect your financial investment; however, if you need to sell the bond before the marked maturity date, you might have to accept LESS than what you paid for it. This volatility can work to your advantage too, because it is possible that your bond could be worth more at the time you decide to sell. This is why it is important to keep up to date on bond prices. You may be able to make money by simply selling your bond before it's maturity date. In conclusion, I would suggest that bonds are a wise venue for anybody wanting to financially invest in different corporations or governments. I would caution, however that when selecting a bond, one should seek the guidance of an experienced investor. By choosing a bond that is right for you and your lifestyle, you have the potential of increasing your profits greatly and going home wealthier and happier.